Increased risk of new-onset diabetes in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: There is growing evidence that patients with COVID-19 are at increased risk of new-onset diabetes. The limited preliminary studies do not provide strong evidence. To assess the association of the SARS-CoV-2 virus with new-onset diabetes and to characterize the population. Methods: Search PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science electronic databases for a limited period from December 2019 to July 2022. Two independent reviewers conducted a thorough review of eligible articles and extracted relevant information. Pooled proportions, risk ratios (RR), and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) indicated the incidence and risk ratios of events. Results: The incidence of new-onset diabetes and hyperglycemia in patients with COVID-19 was 5% (P < 0.001) (3 and 30% for new-onset diabetes and hyperglycemia, respectively), with age, ethnicity, time of diagnosis, and study type all having an impact on the incidence (P < 0.05). New-onset diabetes and hyperglycemia were 1.75 times higher in COVID-19 patients than in non-COVID-19 patients. In new-onset diabetes and hyperglycemia population, the percentage of men is 60% (40% for women), with a mortality rate of 17%. The proportion of new-onset diabetes and hyperglycemia after infection with COVID-19 was 25% in men and 14% in women. Conclusions: The incidence and relative risk of new-onset diabetes and hyperglycemia are elevated after COVID-19 infection, especially in the early COVID-19 and male populations. Systemic review registration: PROSPERO registration no.: CRD42022382989 https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=382989.

Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 gene polymorphisms are associated with COVID-19 susceptibility and severity: A meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Recent evidence has linked the interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 gene (IFITM3) to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes, but the results are inconsistent. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the association of IFITM3 gene polymorphisms with COVID-19 susceptibility and severity. METHOD: A systematic search was performed with PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase from the date of inception to 20 December 2021. The results were analyzed with pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). The robustness was performed using the method of sequential removal for each trial. RESULTS: Four studies involving 1989 subjects were included, from which 1114 patients were positive for COVID-19. For IFITM3 rs12252, the pooled OR showed that there was a significant association between the genotype frequencies and infection with COVID-19 in any of the gene models, i.e., the allelic model (OR = 1.91, 95% CI, 1.36-2.68), the dominant model (OR = 1.80, 95% CI, 1.27-2.56), the recessive model (OR = 5.67, 95% CI, 1.01-31.77), the heterozygous model (OR = 1.65, 95% CI, 1.16-2.36) and the homozygous model (OR = 5.88, 95% CI, 1.05-32.98). The results stratified by severity showed that there was a significant correlation only between the allelic (OR = 0.69, 95% CI, 0.49-0.97) and recessive (OR = 0.43, 95% CI, 0.20-0.93) models. Our results did not support the associations between the IFITM3 rs34481144 gene polymorphism and COVID-19 susceptibility or severity in any of the gene models. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicated that IFITM3 rs12252 gene polymorphisms were associated with COVID-19 susceptibility and that the rs12252-C variant was particularly critical for severity. Genetic factors should be considered in future vaccine development.